What causes stress?

There are several factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing stress symptoms. Since everyone responds to stress differently, the specific causes of stress differ from one individual to the next.

Genetic and Development Factors

Scientists theorize that certain genetic and developmental situations can affect one’s likelihood to respond to stressors. Abusive behavior or neglect in early stages of development may cause long-term abnormalities in the systems that regulate stress. Animal studies report that rats that have been exposed to maternal grooming (i.e., positive physical affection by the mother) have lower stress hormone levels in adulthood. Depressed or aggressive mothers are particularly powerful sources of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Children are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately or their responses to events over which they have no control. Developmental stress can lead to the development of a particular personality type that causes one to over-respond to stressful events.

Genetic factors may also contribute to the causes of stress. A study in 2001 found a genetic abnormality in serotonin regulation that was associated with a heightened reactivity of the heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. Serotonin levels are largely determined by genetic factors. Certain genetic immune regulated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and eczema may also impair the appropriate response to stress.

Women and Stress

Women are more likely to suffer from symptoms of stress. Working mothers, regardless of whether they are single or married, face higher stress levels and adverse health effects. Women are at an increased risk for developing stress-related chest pain. Working mothers most likely feel stressed because of their diverse workload. Stress in working mothers has the compounded negative affect of potentially causing stress symptoms in their children.

Socioeconomic Factors

Certain socioeconomic factors may contribute to the symptoms of stress. Individuals with less education may be at a higher risk for stress. The unemployed and those without health insurance are also more likely to experience stress. When one’s livelihood is at stake, the simple act of survival can be stressful. Individuals who are widowed, divorced, or isolated also suffer from symptoms of stress.